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2023
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Application of radar technology in geophysical exploration of underground engineering
美国与墨西哥边境不仅修建了隔离墙，美国陆军工程兵还每隔 30m钻出一个竖井，置入振动传感器，利用微动技术监测偷渡者挖掘地道所产生的振动；以色列开发的高精度地面声学传感器可以“探测到地下约10m深隧道内人员爬行的声音”，这些都是地下工程地球物理探测技术。地下工程地球物理探测属于工程物探专业，方法多应用广，不仅广泛应用城市建设、矿山、水利、文物保护等民用领域，在军事领域也有重要应用。
地下工程主要轮廓隐藏于地表以下，露在地表的部分通常只有口部，甚至一些工程不设独立的口部，只通过地面建筑、自然洞穴、水体等与外界联系，使得地下工程往往不易被探测定位，想要获得其准确内部布局就更加困难。良好的隐蔽性加上地下结构较高的防护能力，大幅削减了先进侦察装备、打击武器的高技术优势，使地下空间成为许多弱势武装用以抗衡强敌的理想战场环境，赋予依托地下的一方以得天独厚的“不对称”军事优势。随着探测技术的发展，曾经“绝对隐蔽”的地下工程正变得更加可感知。地下工程地球物理探测是指利用地球物理探测技术，通过探测识别地下工程或其建设、使用过程中所产生的异于周边环境的重力、电、磁、振动等物理特征，对已知或未知区域地下工程进行勘探、识别、测绘，以获取准确的地下工程位置、规模、布局等信息。早在20世纪初，人们已经可以利用地下不同介质密度所带来的重力差异探测地下的石油，目前重力法已可以探测出较大规模地下工程将地下“挖空”所带来的重力差异。地球物理探测技术具有探测范围广、探测效率高、非接触等优点，与钻探、工程内部勘察等技术相结合，在城市规划建设、历史遗产保护、市政设施管理等领域有着广泛的应用前景。尤其星载、机载的遥感探测、重力探测等技术因其探测方式隐蔽，可实施远距离探测，较钻探、工程内部探测等更适用于非战争时期军事工程的侦察任务。为达到发现敌人、隐藏自己的目的，地下工程探测技术已成为一些军事强国关注的重点，如美国国防部2000年就在《美国国防部技术领域计划》中将探测地下目标作为雷达发展的主要目标之一，美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）2007年将“地下结构的探测、表征和评估”列为其九大战略重点方向之一，着手研发低空地下结构探测系统。了解地下探测技术的发展，对地下工程建设具有一定的参考意义。
当前地下工程探测技术包括电磁波探测、微重力探测、地震波探测、声学探测、电法探测、电磁感应探测、磁感应探测等。探测设备主要可分为固定式和移动式探测两大类，其中移动探测的主要载体涵盖了车载、机载、星载等多种形式。不同探测技术的原理相差迥异，其探测方式、效果和适用场所也千差万别，需根据具体探测目标选择适用的技术，例如机载重力探测可实现大范围场地的重力场扫描，而经过精心布置调测的固定式重力探测则可以实现更高的精度，从而能够感知地下更深处的重力异常。
电磁波探测涵盖了可见光、红外、雷达等波段，探测方式主要包括遥感探测（可见光、红外、雷达波段）和贴地探测（雷达波段）。星载、机载的可见光、红外波段遥感探测是地下工程探测最为经典、相关技术最为成熟的方式。通过地物环境辐射或反射电磁波的遥感分析，推测判断地下工程的存在或使用痕迹。利用光学、红外探测的遥感图像可以直接识别出一些显性的工程特征，如山体切削、道路铺装、构筑物轮廓等；也可以通过多频谱的遥感数据描绘出土壤、植被、水分含量等信息，根据多频谱的差异对比来判断某一区域是否存在地下工程；此外，还可以将不同时段的遥感数据叠加起来对比分析，利用不同季节地下工程的热性能差异，以及工程使用时所产生的红外波段变化来判断是否存在地下工程，并推测其使用情况。如 In 2005, at the Bucca Camp POW camp in the Iraqi desert, US military satellite remote sensing images showed a continuous color change in the area. Investigation revealed that prisoners were digging tunnels in an attempt to escape, and this construction activity caused changes in the remote sensing data. Radar waves can penetrate clouds, sand, and vegetation, allowing the use of radar for all-weather detection of underground engineering entrances and surface contours. The unique shape of the underground engineering entrance has obvious characteristics in the radar band and is therefore an important means of detecting signs of underground engineering; additionally, it can be used for the camp's vigilance against abnormal activities under the surrounding dense vegetation. As early as 1968, the Camp Sentry radar, developed by Lincoln Laboratory, was deployed in Vietnam to detect possible Viet Cong attacks in the dense forest around the camp. Sponsored by the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency and the US Air Force, this radar was improved from its original high-tower configuration to an airborne form of foliage-penetrating synthetic aperture (FOPEN) radar, later developing into airborne ultra-wideband synthetic aperture (UWB) radar with an accuracy of up to 0.3m and good clutter filtering. Ground-penetrating radar transmits radar waves close to the ground, using the reflection and refraction characteristics of the waves in different underground media (such as soil and engineering structures). By receiving and analyzing the reflected waves, buried objects can be found, widely used in underground pipeline detection, mine clearance, reconnaissance of targets under shelters, and detection of underground engineering. In the 1960s, DARPA sponsored the development of a ground-penetrating radar, "Geodar," to address the difficulties faced by the US Army during the Vietnam War in dealing with tunnel warfare. The improved Geodar II ground-penetrating radar, completed in 1967, was tested in the continental US and proven capable of detecting tunnels 6 to 9 dm wide within 6m of the surface in most alluvial, glacial, and soil conditions. It was used in Vietnam to monitor underground tunnel activity around US Army headquarters facilities. Today, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is very mature and is widely used in underground pipeline detection, shallow underground engineering detection, and mine clearance. On the North Korean border, US and South Korean troops use ground-penetrating radar to detect tunnels dug by North Korea to cross the border; US Immigration and Customs Enforcement has also used it to discover smuggling tunnels on the US-Mexico border. Detecting underground targets using airborne synthetic aperture radar is also a focus of researchers. In a 1995 test in Yuma County, Arizona, airborne synthetic aperture radar was shown to be able to clearly detect military vehicles in underground shelters and identify some buried landmines. The usability of radar detection technology is affected by the soil spectral characteristics and soil consistency. For example, underground focused beam synthetic aperture radar can achieve detection and identification of underground engineering within 6m under conditions of dry sandy soil and a flat surface. However, it has been reported that the more advanced CARABAS airborne radar can detect underground objects as deep as 26m in dry sand conditions. Although radar waves can penetrate tens of feet of loose sand and gravel, they can only penetrate a few feet of concrete, so this technology is very limited in the concrete jungle of cities but is very effective in open areas, such as detecting adjacent foreign territories and plays an important role in detecting tunnel entrances. In addition, the contours of the underground space also affect the possibility of detection; irregularly shaped natural caves are more difficult to detect. In general, the use of airborne radar to detect underground engineering is currently in the technology development stage, with a limited range of applications, and cannot yet meet the needs of underground engineering detection under complex geological conditions, complex urban environments, or greater depths. Spaceborne radar has great potential in the field of underground engineering detection. The US used Sir-A synthetic aperture radar to detect ancient underground rivers in the Sahara Desert, demonstrating its ability to penetrate and detect underground engineering. Subsequently, spaceborne synthetic aperture radar has become a focus of research and development in various countries, such as the US "Long Stick" reconnaissance satellite, Japan's "Intelligence Gathering Satellite", and Germany's "Magnifying Glass." The "Long Stick" reconnaissance satellite can detect anomalies about 10m below the surface. China's Land Exploration-1, launched in 2022, is the first domestic satellite equipped with synthetic aperture radar and can obtain shallow surface information.
Data Source: Chen Jiayun, Meng Xing, Xie Wei, et al. Progress and Enlightenment of Geophysical Exploration Technology for Underground Engineering [J]. Protective Engineering, 2022, 44(3): 70-78.
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